http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5962360&tag=1
"there are at least three possible levels of description for a given object, a video in our case: the denotative meaning (what is the described concept), the connotative one (by which terms the concept is described), and the affective response (how the concept is perceived by a person)."
"Connotation is essential in cinematography, as in any other art discipline. It is given by the set of conventions (such as editing, music, mise-en-scene elements, color, sound, lighting, etc.) ..."
"using connotation properties can be more reliable than exploiting emotional annotations by other users."
"A set of conventions, known as film grammar [22], governs the relationships between these elements and influences how the meanings conveyed by the director are inferred by the audience."
"borrowing the theoretical approach from art and design, ... the affectivemeaning of a movie varies along three axes which account for the natural (warm/cold), temporal (dynamic/slow), and energetic (energetic/minimal) dimension"
"For self-assessment, the emotation wheel is preferred to other models, such as PAD, since it is simpler for the users to provide a unique emotional label than to express their emotional state by a combination of values of pleasure, arousal, and dominance."
"Exploiting distances between emotions, for each scene, we then turn emotations into a 1-to-5 bipolar scale by unfolding the wheel only on the five most voted contiguous emotions, as shown in Fig. 8."
"Moreover, the choice of discarding, separately for each scene, the three least voted contiguous emotions is supported by Osgood,..."
